What are the issues which need to be considered? What are the priorities? Are there pitfalls?
Alison Tennant
Head of Service Improvement and Quality, Dudley Clinical Commissioning Group
Editorial
Spring has now well and truly sprung and the NHS is heading towards changes as the Health and Social Care Bill takes effect. But what won’t change is the need for primary care to do our very best to prevent, diagnose and treat cardiovascular disease and diabetes, as major causes of illness and premature death. At BJPCN we aim to equip you with the latest practical guidance and our conference in November will also help to keep you up to date, please come if you can.
Lipids in profile: back to basics
Dealing with the complexity of lipid metabolism, its outcomes and modification can easily seem overwhelming for primary healthcare professionals. This article aims to help you understand the fundamentals using a back-to-basics approach designed to enhance your practical management of the most important risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The focus will be on the cholesterol-carrying lipoproteins LDL and HDL but we will also review important issues concerning the use of the total cholesterol to HDL ratio, the significance of triglycerides and the perennial question: ‘to fast or not to fast?’
The ultimate cholesterol lowering plan in practice: case study
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, is the leading cause of mortality in the UK. In addition to the effect on quality of life, CHD imposes a huge annual burden with costs on healthcare relating to CHD estimated to be over £3.3 billion a year in the UK.1 Coupled with the obesity epidemic, costing the NHS an estimated £4.2 billion per year,2 this creates a huge burden upon healthcare resources. This article was sponsored by an educational grant from Alpro soya UK; however, the views expressed are the author’s own.
How to use glycaemic index as a dietary tool for controlling type 2 diabetes
Glycaemic index (GI) is a hot topic, often misunderstood by healthcare professionals and patients. This article fills the gaps by explaining the low-GI diet in detail, describing the benefits and barriers to using GI in practice, the benefits in patients with diabetes and the controversy that surrounds it. The aim is to help primary care professionals to make informed decisions on when and how to use GI in helping patients with diabetes to plan their diet.
Modern insulin therapy reviewed
As the use of insulin therapy becomes more common in the ever-growing population of people with diabetes, practice nurses need to be aware of the range of insulins now available and how they work as they take on more responsibility for the management of these patients. In this article, we look at the production and role of insulin in the body and how type 1 and type 2 diabetes affects this. Moving on to newer insulins, we review how longer-acting insulins are used to mimic the characteristics of natural background insulin, the role of shorteracting insulins available for mealtime bolus doses, and the use of insulin mixtures in practice.
Post-MI patients: the no tears review
This second article focuses on safe and effective prescribing of medications which will reduce risk of further cardiovascular events. This series provides a ‘hands on’ practical guide to conducting medication reviews of long-term cardiovascular conditions. In this issue, we look at how to ensure post-myocardial infarction patients are taking the right medications at the right doses to ensure they get maximum benefit.
How to carry out an annual review for patients at high CVD risk
Putting Prevention First, the national strategy for cardiovascular risk assessment for people aged 40 to 74 years, remains high on the healthcare agenda regardless of NHS changes. The “Cog Man” on the cover of the guidance and leaflets distributed to practices and pharmacies highlights the close links between the heart, brain, kidneys and diabetes and underlines the comprehensive nature of vascular risk assessment. In this article, we look at how to carry out an annual review in high-risk people with a cardiovascular risk score of 20% or higher but who do not have high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic kidney disease or atrial fibrillation.
Caring for patients with anaemia of chronic disease
Many patients presenting in general practice will, at some time, complain of tiredness and lack of energy. Investigations to discover the cause are often conducted and will usually include blood tests such as a full blood count to see if anaemia is to blame. Patients may assume that all anaemia is iron deficiency anaemia but there are, of course, different types of anaemia. Interpreting investigations correctly and acting on them appropriately can ensure that the patient gets the right diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Physical activity: getting people moving to prevent CVD
If physical activity could be taken as a tablet, the dramatic benefits it achieves in reducing cardiovascular disease and diabetes as well as many other conditions mean all of us would be on it. But many people currently miss out because it takes more effort to increase physical activity than popping open a tablet bottle. This article sets out the evidence for physical inactivity as a major cardiovascular risk factor and how to put the evidence into practice and get patients moving.
Guest editorial
There is a Danish proverb that states ‘Better to ask twice than lose your way once’. Unfortunately however, in my opinion, people living with diabetes – especially those with type 2 diabetes – do not question their healthcare professionals enough about what they can expect from living with the condition. This is especially true in the area of hypoglycaemia – or low blood sugar.1 We often attribute diabetes with high blood sugar, but many people don’t appreciate the potential dangers of letting their blood sugar get too low.
In focus: Sight problems after a stroke
Following a stroke up to 60% of people have sight problems, including loss of visual field and trouble with visual processing when the brain no longer makes sense of what the eye sees. Changes to vision can also be a sign of stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). The awareness of visual problems in stroke patients is highlighted in this article which explains the different sight problems and outlines steps which can be taken to help.
