The new coalition government of the United Kingdom (UK) has announced plans to change the NHS radically in England. The Department of Health has published two important documents – Equity and excellence: liberating the NHS and Liberating the NHS: commissioning for patients. The implications for primary and secondary care, and for local authorities, mental health services and community providers, will be enormous. The changes are taking place at a rapid pace and every manager and clinician in the NHS will need to keep abreast of developments as they will affect the way in which we all deliver services in the future.
Breathing new life into managing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease
Chronic clinical conditions have traditionally been regarded as individual disease categories within individual patients, although there is often considerable overlap across clinical systems. However, for those managing these patients the presence of various co-morbidities is all-too apparent. It may be time to consider a new approach to management of these patients.
Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is nearly double the rate in the general population without COPD. And for those with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and COPD, heart failure is the most common cause of hospitalisation.
New glucose-lowering therapies for diabetes: a review
The sulphonylurea group of drugs and the biguanide drug metformin have both been available for use as glucose-lowering therapies for more than 50 years. There were, however, few other clinically relevant developments in this area of pharmacotherapy until about the year 2000. At that time a new class of glucose-lowering therapies, the thiazolidinediones pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, was launched. In 2007 two more new classes of therapy were launched, the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics; both of these classes of agents work on the incretin pathway.A further new class of glucose-lowering agents, the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, is likely to be launched in the next year or two. So much activity in glucose lowering pharmacotherapy in this past 12 years perhaps makes up for the previous 40 years of relative inactivity!In this article we discuss new glucose-lowering therapies and consider their place in diabetes management from the primary care perspective.
Keeping on track: streamlining diabetes management in older patients
Key issues in the management of older patients with diabetes involve both clinical skills and apatient-oriented approach. Ageing and co-morbidity may make management challenging, andclinicians need to be alert to factors such as impaired cognitive function, depression andincreased susceptibility to hypoglycaemia.
Insulin in type 2 diabetes – a growing role for primary care
Today, many people with type 2 diabetes who need insulin have their insulin initiated in primary care. Here we discuss NICE recommendations for initiation and management of insulin, and the different types of insulin and delivery systems.
Liraglutide in type 2 diabetes: new recommendations from NICE
The most effective means of reducing the risk of complications associated with type 2 diabetes is to ensure that each patient achieves and maintains their individualised glycaemic target. New guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) providesrecommendations on using liraglutide (Victoza), a new option for patients who do not achieve target HbA1c using currently available therapies.
Validating heart failure registers in primary care: a way to higher QOF payments and better outcomes
We hypothesised that practice heart failure registers may not be complete or robust due to patients not always being allocated the correct READ codes. We set up a project which improved practice heart failure registers. Ensuring practices have robust registers, by improving clinical coding in general practice, means more accurate prevalence levels can inform planning and commissioning of heart failure services.
Reducing hospital admissions for patients with heart failure: the impact of a Local Enhanced Service
Managing heart failure requires a holistic approach: as well as optimal medical treatment, patients and their families need to have a sufficient understanding of the condition. There also needs to be a service to deliver this care. Heart failure affects about 0.5% of the population, depending on the age of the population, so each general practice has a manageable number of patients. However, the expertise and confidence needed to deliver optimal care to heart failure patients and their families are not widely held in primary care. There is largely a reliance on secondary care to provide community services, led by consultants and delivered by specialist nurses. Within this system patients are usually well served, but sometimes patients fall between the community service and general practice. In Central Manchester there is no community heart failure service. About one in five patients with heart failure were being admitted each year, indicating that heart failure management in the community needed to improve.
Heart rate control in people with heart failure: education may improve outcomes
There is emerging evidence that heart rate control is an important element in the management of people with heart failure. The major beta-blocker trials have shown improved mortality and reduced hospitalisation when patients with impaired left ventricular (LV) function are managed with optimal doses. In a meta-analysis of these trials, McAlister et al. have shown a correlation between heart rate control and improved outcomes.1 Beta-blockers may have other actions apart from heart rate control; for instance, they may be anti-arrhythmic or have some other mechanisms for their action. Ivabradine, whose only function is heart rate control, has also shown a reduction in hospitalisation for heart failure.2 Heart rate is additionally an indicator of optimal beta-blockade3, and so may be a proxy for optimal medical treatment.
Choosing the NTproBNP cut off for use as part of a community heart failure care pathway
Echocardiography (ECHO) is the “gold standard” test in the diagnosis of heart failure. Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) can be helpful to rule outpatients who do not require ECHO. This study used an elevated level of Nterminal prohormone BNP (NT-proBNP) as a criterion for referral to a new community heart failure clinic. Results showed that NT-proBNP could be a useful test in the management of heart failure. The researchers propose to institute age- and sex-related cut-offs to refine its place in the patient care pathway.
Give me sunshine: vitamin D and cardiovascular health
Vitamin D deficiency is a prevalent and important health issue that warrants vigilant systematic screening and appropriate treatment and follow-up on the part of physicians,especially those in the primary care and cardiovascular fields. In this article we review the sources and metabolism of vitamin D, the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency, and the available evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular disease; and we suggest an approach to systematic screening and to treatment of vitamin D deficiency.
Key clinical points for the management of erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a marker for cardiovascular disease, and it represents an opportunity for the clinician to intervene and reduce the patient’s cardiovascular risk. This article provides guidance on taking a history, investigations and treatments, all timely now that ED has been added to the Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) for 2013.
